Metaphase plate/equator: Imaginary line in the middle of the cell, where chromosomes line up during metaphase. Metaphase: Second phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate. Only visible during mitosis.Ĭytokinesis: Fifth phase of mitosis where the cell membrane pinches and buds off into two identical daughter cells, Visible during the interphase of the cell cycle.Ĭhromosome : DNA in its compacted, conspicuous form. This signifies the end of the interphase stage and the cell is now ready to divide.Īnaphase: Third phase of mitosis where spindle fibres pull and separate sister chromatids.Ĭentromere: Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach.Ĭhromatin: DNA in its loose, inconspicuous form. The chromosomes are also checked for errors and any required repairs to the DNA are made. The cell synthesises the necessary proteins, and replicates more organelles in preparation for the mitosis phase. Once the cell has replicated its DNA, it carries out its final jobs to prepare the cell for division in the second growth phase (called G2 ). The two daughter cells will therefore be genetically identical. This is so that when the cell divides, each daughter cell will gain 1 copy of the genome each. During this time, the DNA within the nucleus is replicated to create 2 identical copies of the genome. This brings the cell to the synthesis phase ( S ) of its life. Once a cell has replicated its organelles, it needs to replicate its DNA. Synthesising proteins (still making enzymes) This includes:Ĭarrying out metabolic processes (still making ATP etc). During this time, the cell carries out its functional role. The first growth phase is called the G1 phase. Interphase can be further divided into 3 sub-phases. The cell spends the majority of its time in the interphase. ![]() Semi-conservative: Term that describes how DNA replication produces DNA consisting of one parent strand and one daughter strand. SA : V ratio: Ratio of the cell’s surface area and its volume. S phase: Part of interphase during the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs. Primase: Enzyme that starts the daughter strands during DNA replication. Okazaki fragment: Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication. Ligase: Enzyme that forms the sugar-phosphate backbone between new nucleotides of the daughter strand. Leading strand: DNA daughter strand that is built continuously. Lagging strand: DNA daughter strand that is built in fragments. Hydrogen bond: Weak bond between a hydrogen atom of one amino acid and an oxygen atom of another amino acid that contributes to the 3D shape of an enzyme/protein. Helicase: Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds to unzip DNA double helix during DNA replication. G2 phase: Part of interphase during the cell cycle where cells continue to grow, and check for any errors in DNA. ![]() G1 phase: Part of interphase during the cell cycle where cells grow by producing more proteins and organelles. Only visible during mitosis.ĭNA polymerase: Enzyme that fully extends and completes the daughter strands.ĭNA replication: Process in which DNA is duplicated. Chromosome: DNA in its compacted, conspicuous form.
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